Positioning and Radiographic Anatomy of the Skull

खोपड़ी की पोजिशनिंग और रेडियोग्राफिक एनाटॉमी। खोपड़ी रेडियोग्राफिक स्थिति

Skull Radiographic Positioning

Positioning and radiographic anatomy of the skull

Contents:

Introduction

Anatomy of the Skull

Exposure Factors & Rad. Protection

Indications and Patient Preparation

Basics and Special Skull Views

AP 0° and AP Axial Views

PA 0° and PA Axial Views

Lateral Views Positioning

SMV and PA Axial Views

Sella Turcica Positioning

Facial Bones Positioning I

Facial Bones Positioning II

Facial Bones Positioning III

Facial Bones Positioning IV - Skull Radiographic Positioning

Facial Bones Positioning V

Nasal Bones positioning

Orbit Positioning I - Skull Radiographic Positioning

Orbit Positioning II

Paranasal Sinuses Positioning I

Paranasal Sinuses Positioning II

Mandible Positionig I

Mandible Positioning II

Mandible Positioning III

TMJ Positioninig I

TMJ Positioninig II

Mastoids Process Positioning I

Mastoids Process Positioning II - Skull Radiographic Positioning

Positioning and radiographic anatomy of the skull

1. Positioning and Radiographic Anatomy of the Skull

2. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY Skull As with other body parts, radiography of the skull requires a good understanding of all related anatomy. The anatomy of the skull is very complex, and specific attention to detail is required of the technologist. The skull, or bony skeleton of the head, rests on the superior end of the vertebral column and is divided into two main sets of bones—the 8 cranial bones and the 14 facial bones.

3. CRANIAL BONES (8) The eight bones of the cranium are divided into the calvaria (skullcap) and the floor. Each of these two areas primarily consists of four bones: Calvaria (Skullcap) 1. Frontal 2. Right parietal 3. Left parietal 4. Occipital Floor 5. Right temporal 6. Left temporal 7. Sphenoid (sfe′-noid) 8. Ethmoid (eth′-moid)

4. POSITIONING CONSIDERATIONS Erect versus Recumbent Projections of the skull may be taken with the patient in the recumbent or erect position, depending on the patient's condition. Images can be obtained in the erect position with the use of a standard x-ray table in the vertical position or an upright Bucky. The erect position allows the patient to be quickly and easily positioned and permits the use of a horizontal beam. A horizontal beam is necessary to visualize any existing air-fluid levels within the cranial or sinus cavities

5. Patient Comfort Patient motion almost always results in an unsatisfactory image. During skull radiography, the patient's head must be placed in precise positions and held motionless long enough for an exposure to be obtained. Always remember that a patient is attached to the skull that is being manipulated. Every effort should be made to make the patient's body as comfortable as possible, and positioning aids such as sponges, sandbags, and pillows should be used if needed. Except in cases of severe trauma, respiration should be suspended during the exposure to help prevent blurring of the image caused by breathing movements of the thorax. This is especially important when the patient is in a prone position.

6. Hygiene Cranial and facial radiography may require the patient's face to be in direct contact with the technologist's hands and the table/upright Bucky surface. Therefore, it is important that proper handwashing techniques and surface disinfectants be used before and after the examination.

7. Exposure Factors The principal exposure factors for radiography of the skull include the following: •Medium kV (65 to 85 kV film-based) (70 to 80 kV digital radiography [DR] and computed radiography [CR]) •Small focal spot <250 mA (if equipment allows) •Short exposure time.

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Skull Radiographic Positioning